Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from the corresponding ligand and receptor systems that are widelu distributed in difffferent tissues and cell types. Collectively they play critical roles in numerous aspects of mammalian biology, including embryonic development, innate and adaptive immunity,and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. 2021-01-18

Involucrin is a protein precursor of the epidermal cornifified envelope. Involucrin (IVL) is expressed in difffferentiating keratinocytes, incorporated into the cornifified envelope andaccumulates in the granular and transitional cells.. Involucrin is an early terminal difffferentiation marker of epidermal keratinocytes. The protein is mainly cross-linked by epidermal transglutaminase to the corneous cell envelope of corneocytes forming the corneal layer of stratifified epithelium.2021-01-14

Growth factors are a group of biologically active polypeptides produced by the body. Growth factors are quite versatile, stimulating cellular division in numerous difffferent cell types; while others are specifific to a particular cell-type. Growth Factors are essential to normal cell cycle, and are thus vital elements in the life of animals from conception to death and mediate fetal development, play a role in maintenance and repair of tissues, stimulate production of blood cells & participate in cancerous processes.2021-01-14

IFNs are a family of cytokines that are grouped into three types: I, II, and III. In humans, all 17 type I IFNs bind to and signal through a shared heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a single chain of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, and these are present on nearly all nucleated cells. In contrast to the many type I IFNs, there is only a single type II IFN, IFN-γ, which is produced mainly by immune cells. The impact of type II IFN on shaping the adaptive immune response during viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections is broad and complex。The type III IFNs (also known as IFN-λs). Type III IFNs signal through a heterodimeric receptor complex including single chains of IL-10R2 an......2021-01-14

Interleukins are secreted proteins that bind to their specifific receptors and play a role in intercellular communication among leukocytes. Their interactions among difffferent cell types that contribute to their effffector and suppressive functions. Almost all immune cells display difffferent functional subsets characterized by distinct surface receptors and cytokine profifiles, such as CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells.A growing list of interleukins have been identifified as investigations of the mechanisms of immune and inflflammatory cell functions, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chron......2021-01-13

Nectins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Nectins are known to mediate cell-cell adhesion and related functions and play important roles in Ca2+-independent intracellular interactions. The nectin family has four members: nectin-1，nectin-2，nectin-3，nectin-4.Laminin, one of the most widely expressed extracellular matrix proteins, exerts many important functions in multiple organs/systems and at various developmental stages. Laminins are large heterotrimers composed of the α, β and γ subunits with distinct tissue-specifific and developmentally regulated expression patterns.Osteonectin have a much wider expression pattern in both mineralized and non-mineralized tissues. I......2021-01-12