Autophagy is a tightly coordinated process that isolates misfolded proteins, damaged or aging organelles, and mutated proteins in double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, ultimately fusing with lysosomes, leading to the degradation of isolated components. Early research findings suggest that autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, and increasing research contributes to a deeper understanding of the potential mechanisms by which autophagy affects cancer occurrence and progression. It is now widely believed that autophagy inhibits tumor development, but there is evidence to suggest that the autophagy process in established tumors requires support for uncontrolled cell growth and in......2025-07-07

In multicellular organisms, apoptosis is essential for the development and homeostasis of organisms. During infection, apoptosis plays a major role in clearing infected cells. Infectious diseases control apoptosis and are involved in the pathogenesis of disease. The increase in apoptosis may be involved in two different ways. It can aid in the spread of pathogens within cells or induce immunosuppression to promote the spread of pathogens. In other cases, apoptosis facilitates the elimination of infectious agents from the host.As a result, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have developed strategies to inhibit host cell death through apoptosis to allow pathogens to survive and pers......2025-06-30

The liver is a complex and important organ responsible for metabolic processes, protein synthesis, and the clearance of toxins and exogenous substances. Liver injury is classified into acute and chronic according to its duration. The most extreme form of acute injury leads to acute liver failure. Chronic liver injury is the result of long-term and persistent liver damage and hepatitis caused by inflammation or intracellular stress responses, including steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and chronic viral hepatitis. Acute and chronic liver injury lead to liver cell death. Controlling liver cell death is crucial as a treatment strategy for liver diseases. ......2025-06-25

Apoptosis is a strictly regulated and evolutionarily conserved cell death program, also known for its role as a tumor suppressive mechanism. Apoptosis is a normal physiological cell death response to many stimuli, infections, or injuries, including those caused by cytotoxic drug therapy or radiation therapy regimens, which can result in irreparable DNA damage. The role of apoptosis in cancer has received widespread attention, and resistance to apoptosis is widely recognized as an acquired characteristic of cancer cells, giving them survival advantages, promoting tumor evolution and growth, and leading to treatment failure.Therefore, the efficacy of cancer treatment not only depends str......2024-08-07

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death, which is an important component of various physiological processes, including normal cell renewal, normal development and function of the immune system, hormone dependent atrophy, embryonic development, and chemically induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis is a factor in many human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injuries, autoimmune diseases, and many types of cancer. With apoptosis becoming the focus of research, the enormous therapeutic potential of apoptosis enables researchers to develop promising therapeutic solutions focused on voluntary death of abnormal cells. Research continues to focus on el......2024-07-30

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a specific form of heart disease caused by the progression of resistance to insulin metabolism in the heart tissue, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia, which occurs independently of other cardiac risk factors, such as coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. This form of cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and its prevalence is rising with the increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. DCM observed in insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia states is characterized by impaired myocardial insulin signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired calciu......2024-07-23