Recently, the global incidence of nephropathy showed an increasing trend. Besides cancer and heart disease, as the third largest "killer", it is very difficult for clinical physicians to make the diagnosis of early renal disease. This is mainly due to patients with early renal disease have no obvious symptoms, which is easy to delay treatment. So far, the indicators to determine kidney damage includes urine osmolality, osmotic pressure, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance rate and so on, but when these indicators increased, in most cases, serious kidney damage or irreversible damage has already appeared. Therefore, looking for new indicators for early detect......2014-12-11

Western Blot is a kind of experiment which is usually used for primarily verifying gene encoded products and discriminating the difference of protein quantity among different samples. As Western Blot includes lots of steps and reagents, when the result is not consistent to the predicted one, especially, all negative result or all positive results were shown, it is a very tough task to analyze what is wrong in the experiment. Based on this, it is recommended that a suitable reference system should be set up in a strict Western Blot experiment, and the reference system will be helpful for result analysis. A common used reference system includes several references, for instance, molecular......2014-12-11

Toll like receptors can recognize exogenous microbes and trigger a series of signal transduction, which will promote the release of inflammatory medium and initiate innate immunity. Currently, more than ten TLR family members have been found, the TLR2 is the most abundant one. It is widely distributed in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells and tumor cells. The pathogenic microorganisms TLR2 recognizes are much more than other members in TLR family. As TLR2 plays a key role in innate immunity, it has great theoretical and practical significance for research of immunity. Consequently, the Cloud-Clone Corp. develops a series of testing tools, including t......2014-11-08

Hi, everybody, I am High Mobility Group protein B1 (HMGB1). My family contains three brothers---HMGB2 , HMGB3 and I. I am the big brother as I am the most widely distributed and abundant one. Though we look like each other in many ways, we are different. After a solemn presentation, now I will introduce myself more concretely. I once lived in the 13q12 chromosome (eg: human), then I grow up and become a non-histone protein which is located in the nucleus. When the cell is infected or physically injured, I will no longer stay leisurely and loosely, I will tightly bind to the DNA and be secreted out of the cell to send a signal to the immune system for repairing. This is how I induce th......2014-11-08

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is derived from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), it plays critical roles in multiple organisms：it is invovled in intracellular signal transduction and it acts as an important second messenger in various biological processes. For example, cAMP mediates the hormon effects of transferring glucagon and adrenaline. Morevoer, it can bind to ion channels, and regulate the function of the channels, such as HCN and so on. The structure of cAMP is shown as follows: Figure 1. Structure of cAM cAMP plays several biological roles in multiple organisms. In eukaryotes,,cAMP and its associated kinases function through activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-d......2014-11-08

The remarkable 2014 Novel Prize was announce, scientists from America and German, Eric Bezig, Stefan W. Hell and W. E. Moerner had won the chemistry prize, for their enormous contributions in microscopy, they had used fluorescent molecules in microscopy to break the physical limit (0.2 micrometer) of optical microscopy filed which was defined in 1873, and the limit of this field had been brought to the level of nanometer by this work. One main research of this prize is single-molecule fluorescent microspogy, which is researched by Eric Betzig and W. E. Moerner. This technique had been used in several research fields, including biological field. For instance, it has been applied in res......2014-11-08